Table 2 Frequency of dystocia causes in the mare without subdivision into isolated and multiple

Incorrect posture of the foetal forelimbs

Bilateral carpal flexion

12

Unilateral carpal flexion

6

Unilateral shoulder flexion

6

Unilateral elbow flexion

4

Bilateral shoulder flexion

3

31

25.4

Incorrect posture of the foetal head

Lateral deviation of the head

14

Ventral deviation of the head

8

Dorsal deviation of the head

1

23

18.9

Incorrect posture of the foetal hindlimbs

Bilateral hip flexion

9

Bilateral tarsal flexion

4

Unilateral hip flexion

2

Unilateral tarsal flexion

2

17

13.9

Incorrect foetal position

Lateral position

7

Ventral position

5

12

9.8

Incorrect foetal presentation

Ventrotransverse presentation

6

Ventro-Vertical presentation

3

Dorsotransverse presentation

3

12

9.8

Foetal malformations

Malformation of the head

5

Hydrocephalus

4

Arthrogryposis of the hindlimbs

1

Ankylosis of the cervical spine

1

11

9

Foetopelvic disproportion

Absolute foetopelvic disproportion

8

Relative foetopelvic disproportion

2

10

8.2

Uterine torsion intrapartum

3

2.5

Twin collision

2

1.6

Adhesions of uterus and peritoneum (on the abdominal suture of a previous operation)

1

0.8

Total

122

100