Table 3 Frequency of isolated causes of dystocia in the mare

Incorrect posture of the foetal forelimbs

Bilateral carpal flexion

5

Unilateral elbow flexion

1

Bilateral shoulder flexion

1

7

18.9

Incorrect posture of the foetal hindlimbs

Bilateral tarsal flexion

3

Bilateral hip flexion

2

5

13.5

Foetopelvic disproportion

Absolute foetopelvic disproportion

5

13.5

Incorrect foetal presentation

Ventrotransverse presentation

2

Dorsotransverse presentation

2

Ventro-Vertical presentation

1

5

13.5

Incorrect foetal position

Lateral position

3

Ventral position

2

5

13.5

Incorrect posture of the foetal head

Lateral deviation of the head

3

Dorsal deviation of the head

1

4

10.8

Uterine torsion intrapartum

3

8.1

Foetal malformations

Hydrocephalus

2

5.4

Twin collision

1

2.7

Total

37

100